ÿWPC  s‚G•oQ4Óô¡ÅÞ?XÞÖöÞ8æÊÜ’ÿRŸ¥l4Ô¹¨UANEb%y)³sòï â†HÙ"}òÁf†H‡ìhî;ÁîÿÆÍæ1 ÆvÜô¾M•˜ç¯‹BC"ÔEcáï3¾°r‘å¥íÿürU‰’9€=è믹}*kÛˆd¶eÞüØ_jÔÛ`œ$1Œö”“ÞEüdžH©í±Fa?ïL6Õm˜±Á|ipŠ‰>«%±M÷Så^=»>B[Àך`fHÌÍU$al±=ƒ°yt•š¿ƒgAkªOôÑ°Þ57cLÃz[ÈEz^³«ÇA:£ÕèåK[{Ùw­‹îtƒŠ›Ã§5Õ›KŸ;@)(eŠ~ò¸0ød÷µ˜><ö.ûíûSå½Ú)šÎóªjTqjÒïž¾zoÁ+5yêÝ›ë²_•D˜w|!#*´ŽjSsÿHå2®œãˆr úð.BbLlÕkÉnAÌΫ2V\³¡Ý5xC»„1ëIP:cârv‡qÿÌàž%8˲'…{êg?Qðù«%hCoÕÆça†c:-m“Í¿ ²w’Ö O2 œM-l%Ärnùkˆ›HW#!ÂU*Nã %1 0(7^ _w@k4«¿Î mÐEççççççççççççççççççççççççççççççççççççççççççççççççççççççççççççççççççççççççççç Bé˜Grad room,P<@@<,P0(ÖÃ9 Z‹6Times New Roman RegularX($¡¡v’,Æ £D££     õU|(ê:i¢Ø+003|x ÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ dÝ ƒ!ÝÝ  ÝÔ_ÔñáññßñÔ€ Ôþ!XXÔñßññáññâñÔ€„;¦„XXÔñâññàñÌÌñàñÌò òTheoretical€Backgroundó óÐ Ð  ÐÌà  àIn€order€to€read€successfully,€a€child€must€understand€howÏletters€represent€the€sounds€(phonemes)€of€English.€SomeÏchildren€taught€whole„word€reading€do€not€fully€master€the€rulesÏabout€spelling„sound€correspondences€and€remain€slow€readersÏand€poor€spellers.€€On€the€other€hand,€some€children€lack€theÏlevel€of€phonemic€awareness€needed€to€learn€by€phonicsÏmethods€which€explicitly€teach€correspondences€between€lettersÏand€phonemes.€€(Phonemic€awareness€refers€to€the€consciousÏawareness€of€and€ability€to€manipulate€the€basic€sounds€ofÏlanguage€called€phonemes.)ÌÌà  àOne€approach,€which€has€had€some€success,€€is€to€developÏphoneme€awareness€at€the€same€time€as€teaching€letters€toÏrepresent€phonemes.€€A€different€approach€is€to€useÏphonological€units€intermediate€between€words€and€phonemesÏfor€teaching€beginning€word€identification€and€spelling.€ÏSyllables,€onsets,€and€rimes€would€appear€to€be€suitable€units.€ÌÌÐ  P$  ÐÓ  Ó€„€2€„€ÌÓ‰ÓÌà  àChildren€can€segment€words€into€syllables€long€before€theyÏcan€segment€words€into€phonemes.€€School„aged€children€canÏsegment€syllables€into€their€onsets€(the€initial€consonant€orÏconsonant€group)€and€rimes€(the€vowel€and€any€followingÏconsonants)€before€they€can€segment€either€onset€or€rime€intoÏtheir€constituent€phonemes.€Treiman€(date)€found€thatÏkindergarten€and€first„grade€children€can€identify€words€whichÏbegin€with€the€same€onsets€or€end€with€the€same€rimes,€but€theyÏcannot€always€identify€words€which€begin€or€end€with€the€sameÏphoneme€when€the€phoneme€is€embedded€in€the€onset€or€rime.€ÏFor€example,€a€child€might€recognize€that€òòcakeóó€and€òòcookieóó€beginÐ 0€  Ðwith€the€same€sound€or€that€òòdarkóó€and€òòsparkóó€end€with€the€sameÐ à Ðsound€because€the€sounds€in€question€are€onsets€and€rimes.€€TheÏchild€might€not€be€able€to€indicate€whether€òòspeedóó€and€òòslowóó€beginÐ P  Ðwith€the€same€sound€or€whether€òòschoolóó€and€òòtallóó€end€with€theÐ ° Ðsame€sound€because€the€critical€sounds€are€individual€phonemesÏembedded€in€onsets€or€rimesÌÌà  à€Onset„rime€segmentation€ability€reflects€a€developmentalÏlevel€of€phonological€processing€that€occurs€earlier€thanÏcomplete€awareness€of€phonemes.€€If€onsets€and€rimes€areÏavailable€to€young€children,€whereas€phonemes€are€not,€it€makesÏsense€to€use€the€available€phonological€units€to€teachÏassociations€between€letter€sequences€and€pronunciation.€€IfÏchildren€have€difficulties€with€reading€and€spelling€because€ofÏundeveloped€phonemic€awareness,€is€it€possible€that,€by€usingÏearlier€developing€phonological€units,€some€of€the€difficulties€inÏreading€acquisition€can€be€overcome?€€Preliminary€research€is€Ð ,à' ЇÓ  Ó€„€3€„€ÌÓ« ÓÌdescribed€below€which€suggests€that€using€pronounceableÏphonological€units€(whole€syllables€and€rimes)€to€teach€letter„¼sound€associations€is€effective€both€with€young€normalÏbeginning€readers€and€older€students€with€reading€difficulties.€ÌÌò òÓ  ÓExperiment€1Ð P   ÐÓÄ ÓUsing€Onsets€and€Rimes€with€Adolescent€Poor€Readersó óÐ °  ÐÌà  àPenney€(in€press)€tested€33€high€school€students€registeredÏin€a€course€developed€for€students€with€reading€difficulties.€ÏTwenty„one€experimental€students€were€taken€from€theirÏclassrooms€for€15€to€18€hours€of€individualized€tutoring€usingÏthe€Glass€Analysis€word€identification€drills.€€The€12€controlÏstudents€did€not€receive€the€tutoring€and€remained€in€theirÏregular€classes.€€Both€experimental€and€control€students€wereÏgiven€the€Word€Identification,€Word€Attack,€and€PassageÏComprehension€subtests€of€the€Woodcock€Reading€Mastery€TestÏbefore€and€after€the€experimental€students€received€the€tutoringÏprogram.€€ÌÌà  àIn€the€tutoring€sessions,€students€read€passages€aloud€andÏtheir€reading€errors€were€noted.€The€student€then€did€GlassÏAnalysis€drills€for€the€words€they€had€missed€and€reread€theÏpassages.€€ÌÌà  àGlass€Analysis€drills€require€the€student€to€repeat€letterÏsequences€for€pronounceable€parts€of€words.€€In€the€drills,€wordsÏare€grouped€together€which€have€common€spelling€patterns.€€Ð ,à' ЇÓ  Ó€„€4€„€¹ÓkÓÌÌTable€1.€€Glass€Analysis€DrillsÌÌStudent€sees€...€€€€€€€catÌà0  àà ° àTutor€says€...à ¸ àà  àððWhat€is€this€word?€€What€does€Ô_ÔceeÔ_Ô€ay€tee€Ðð @(#(# Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àsay?ðð€€If€the€student€says€the€word€correctly,Ìà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àthe€tutor€says€ððgoodðð.ÌTutor€says€...à ¸ àà  àÔ_ÔCeeÔ_Ô€ay€tee€says€ððcatððÐ `  ÐTutor€says€...à ¸ àà  àRemove€the€Ô_ÔceeÔ_Ô.€€What€does€ay€tee€say?€Ð pÀ  Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àIf€the€student€says€the€word€correctly,€theÌà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àtutor€says€ððgoodðð.ÌTutor€says€...à ¸ àà  àAy€tee€says€ððatðð.€€Can€you€spell€ððcatðð.Ð à ÐÌÓ  Ó€*€*€*€*€*€ÌÌÓ2Óà  àThe€drill€is€repeated€with€several€words€ending€with€òòatóó€suchÐ ` Ðas€òòbatóó,€òòmatóó,òòóó€òòthatóó,€and€òòbratóó,€and€then€several€words€of€two€orÐ pÀ Ðmore€syllables.€€With€multi„syllabic€words€the€student€is€askedÏto€pronounce€letter€sequences€other€than€the€target€(„at€in€thisÏcase).€€For€example,€with€òòstaticóó,€the€student€could€be€asked€toÐ !à Ðpronounce€òòstatóó€and€òòticóó€or€asked€to€spell€these€word€fragments.€€Ð ð"@ ÐÌà  àThe€student€€is€not€asked€to€pronounce€isolated€phonemes,Ïexcept€for€an€occasional€vowel€sound€as€the€o€in€òòopenóó.€€WithÐ '`" Ðcomplex€words,€the€student€might€be€asked€to€spell€orÏpronounce€whole€syllables€(such€as€òòperóó€or€òòÔ_ÔtionÔ_Ôóó)€or€Ô_ÔsublexicalÔ_ÔÐ Ð) % Ðunits€of€more€than€one€syllable€(such€as€òòÔ_ÔitiousÔ_Ôóó).€€Ð 0+€& ÐÐ ,à' ЇÓ  Ó€„€5€„€ÌÓ`ÓÌò òResultsó óÐ pÀ ÐÌà  àThe€tutoring€program€produced€larger€increases€in€WordÏIdentification,€Word€Attack€and€Passage€Comprehension€scoresÏfor€the€experimental€than€for€the€control€students.€€(See€TableÏ2.)€€Ô_ÔANCOVAsÔ_Ô€on€post„test€scores€with€pre„test€scores€as€theÏcovariate€showed€a€significant€group€effect€(p€<€.05)€for€WordÏAttack,€and€highly€significant€effects€(p€<€.001)€for€both€WordÏIdentification€and€Passage€Comprehension.€€ÌÌÓ  Ó*€*€*€*€*€ÌÓqÓÔ‡ Ôþ!„„;¦ÔTable€2.€Mean€Raw€Scores€(and€Standard€Deviations)€on€ReadingÐ à ÐMeasures€for€Control€and€Experimental€Students€ÌÔ#†„;¦„! Ôþ˜#ÔÒ°ÒÌÔ‡ Ôþ!„„;¦Ôà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àTreatment€Group€and€AssessmentÐ h¸ ÐÌà  àà ` àà ¸ àExperimental€(n€=€21)à0 p àà0Èp¾#p¾#àControl€(n€=€12)Ðà0Ⱦ#Ⱦ# ÐÌMeasure€à ` àà ¸ àà0  àà h àPreà0À¾#¾#àà0À¾#À¾#àPost€à0p¾#¾#àà0Èp¾#p¾#àà0 Ⱦ#Ⱦ#àPreà0x ¾# ¾#àà0Ð x¾#x¾#àPost€ÐX¨Ð ¾#Ð ¾# ÐÌWord€IdentificationÔ#†„;¦„! Ôþk#ÔÔ‡ Ôþ!„„;¦Ôà0  àà0h¾#¾#à66.3à0Àh¾#h¾#àà0À¾#À¾#à75.9à0p¾#¾#àà0Èp¾#p¾#àà0 Ⱦ#Ⱦ#à69.9à0x ¾# ¾#àà0Ð x¾#x¾#à74.0ÐÐ! Ð ¾#Ð ¾# Ѐ(Max€=€106)à ¸ àà0  àà0h¾#¾#àÔ#†„;¦„! Ôþ¡#ÔÔ‡¼l»„„;¦Ô(13.6)à0h¾#h¾#à(16.5)à0Ⱦ#¾#àà0 Ⱦ#Ⱦ#à(13.9)à0Ð ¾# ¾#à(16.8)Ô#†„;¦„»¼lö#ÔÐ #\Ð ¾#Ð ¾# ÐÔ‡ Ôþ!„„;¦ÔÌWord€Attackà0 ¸ àà0¸ ¾#¸ ¾#àà0h¾#¾#à22.3à0Àh¾#h¾#àà0À¾#À¾#à28.0à0p¾#¾#àà0Èp¾#p¾#àà0 Ⱦ#Ⱦ#à26.2à0x ¾# ¾#àà0Ð x¾#x¾#à27.3Є%Ô Ð ¾#Ð ¾# ÐMax€=€45à ` àà0 ¸ àà  àà0h¸ ¾#¸ ¾#àÔ#†„;¦„! Ôþ¿ #ÔÔ‡¼l»„„;¦Ô(10.5)à0h¾#h¾#à(11.4)à0Ⱦ#¾#àà0 Ⱦ#Ⱦ#à(9.6)à0x ¾# ¾#àà0Ð x¾#x¾#à(10.6)Ô#†„;¦„»¼l<"#ÔÐÀ&"Ð ¾#Ð ¾# ÐÌÔ‡ Ôþ!„„;¦ÔPassage€Comprehensionà0 h à35.7à0Àh¾#h¾#àà0À¾#À¾#à43.3à0p¾#¾#àà0Èp¾#p¾#àà0 Ⱦ#Ⱦ#à41.3à0x ¾# ¾#àà0Ð x¾#x¾#à43.6à0(#Ð ¾#Ð ¾#àà0@(#Ð ¾#Ð ¾#àÐ\)¬$(#¾#(#¾# ÐMax€=€68à ` àà0 ¸ àà  àà0h¸ ¾#¸ ¾#àÔ#†„;¦„! Ôþ##ÔÔ‡¼l»„„;¦Ô(8.0)à0Àh¾#h¾#àà0À¾#À¾#à(8.8)à0p¾#¾#àà0Èp¾#p¾#àà0 Ⱦ#Ⱦ#à(7.7)à0x ¾# ¾#àà0Ð x¾#x¾#à(8.9)€à (# àÔ#†„;¦„»¼lŸ$#ÔÐ ˜*è%Ð ¾#Ð ¾# ÐÓ  Ó€„€6€„€ÌÓ­%ÓÒ°Òò òÓ  ÓÌExperiment€2€ÌÓâ%ÓUsing€Onsets€and€Rimes€for€Teaching€Beginning€Readersó óÐ Ð  ÐÌà  àSimms„Lodge€tested€the€rime„based€method€with€childrenÏat€the€end€of€their€kindergarten€year€before€they€received€formalÏreading€instruction€in€school.€€Twenty„eight€experimentalÏchildren€were€matched€to€28€control€children€on€a€variety€ofÏmeasures€(see€Table€3)€and€the€experimental€children€wereÏtaught€60€words€in€15€families€of€4€rhyming€words.€€ÌÌà  àTraining€was€done€over€5€days€with€a€maximum€of€oneÏhour€per€day.€€Children€were€individually€taught€four€words€inÏeach€of€three€word€families€per€day.€€The€experimenter€pointedÏto€each€word,€pronounced€it,€and€asked€the€child€to€spell€it.€€TheÏexperimenter€showed€how€the€words€shared€certain€letterÏsequences.€€Each€word€was€read€and€spelled€three€times€by€theÏchild€in€a€training€session.€€€ÌÌà  àAfter€the€last€training€session,€a€retention€test€wasÏadministered€(see€Table€4).€€In€addition€to€the€60€words€that€hadÏbeen€taught€(the€trained€words),€an€additional€60€words€(transferÏwords)€were€also€tested€which€had€not€been€taught€but€wereÏfrom€the€taught€rime€families.€€€€€€€€€€Ìà  àÌà  àOne€year€after€completion€of€the€training€program,€theÏexperimental€and€control€children€were€retested€on€all€measuresÏadministered€at€the€pretest.€(See€Table€5)€ÌÐ ,à' ÐÓ  Ó€„€7€„€ÌÓZ+ÓÌò òResultsó óÐ pÀ ÐÌà  àOn€the€pre„test€no€significant€differences€were€found€onÏany€measure€between€the€28€children€who€received€the€trainingÏprogram€and€the€28€matched€control€children.€€(See€Table€3.)€€ÌÌÔ‡ Ôþ!„„;¦ÔÓ  Ó*€*€*€*€*€Ð °  ÐÓ„,ÓTable€3.€Comparison€of€Trained€and€Control€Children€on€Pre„testÏMeasuresÌÌMeasure€à0 ` àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àTrained€Groupà0ph(#h(#àà0Èp(#p(#àControl€GroupРð È(#È(# Є„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„Ìòò1óóPeabody€Vocabulary€à0 h àà0Àh(#h(#à102.8à p àà È àà0 À(#À(#à106.8Ðh (# (# Ðòò1óóWRAT€„€Spellingà0  àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#à105.3à p àà È àà0 À(#À(#à101.5ÐT¤ (# (# Ðòò1óóWRAT€„€Readingà0  àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#à105.4à p àà È àà0 À(#À(#à106.3Ðà (# (# Ðòò1óóWRAT€„€Arithmeticà0  àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#à106.3à p àà È àà0 À(#À(#à106.2ÐÌ (# (# ÐÌLetter„and„Number„Naming€à0 À à€€72.3€à p àà È àà0 À(#À(#à€€72.5ÐD” (# (# Ðà  àTimes€(sec)ÌÌOdd€Man€Outà0 ¸ àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#à€€10.4à p àà È àà0 À(#À(#à€€11.6Ðø H (# (# ÐPhoneme€Tapping€à0  àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#à€€€€4.7à p àà È àà0 À(#À(#à€€€€4.0Ð4"„ (# (# ÐRhyme€Productionà0  àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#à€€€€8.4à p àà È àà0 À(#À(#à€€10.1Ðp#À (# (# ÐRosnerà0 ` àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#à€€€€7.3à p àà È àà0 À(#À(#à€€€€9.1Ь$ü (# (# ÐÌTarget€Words€Readà0  àà0h(#(#à€€à0Àh(#h(#à€€13.1à p àà È àà0 À(#À(#à€€20.5Ð$'t" (# (# Ð125€Frequent€Words€à0  àà0h(#(#à€€à0Àh(#h(#à€€21.4à p àà È àà  à€€29.9Ð`(°#À(#À(# ÐÌp€>€.10€for€all€tests,€df€=€26Ìòò1óó€Age„based€standard€scores€are€reported€for€Peabody€and€WRAT€tests.€Ð ,d' ÐRaw€scores€are€provided€for€all€other€tests.€€Ð P- (  ÐÔ#†„;¦„! Ôþe,#ÔÓ  Ó€„€8€„€Ð ° ÐÓÒ5ÓÌà  àOn€the€retention€test€all€children€were€found€to€haveÏlearned€to€read€a€substantial€number€of€words€in€the€trainingÏprogram.€€No€significant€differences€were€found€betweenÏchildren€of€low€and€high€phoneme€segmentation€ability€on€eitherÏtrained€or€transfer€words.€€(See€Table€4.)ÌÌà  àWord€identification€was€higher€when€the€words€were€testedÏin€rime€family€groups€(grouped€condition)€rather€than€having€theÏwords€tested€in€random€order€(ungrouped€condition).€€HavingÏthe€known€words€present€helps€children€read€by€analogy€usingÏfamiliar€orthographic€rimes.€€(See€Table€4.)€ÌÌÓ  Ó*€*€*€*€*€ÌÓ^8ÓÔ‡ Ôþ!„„;¦ÔTable€4.€€Mean€Numbers€of€Trained€and€Transfer€Words€Read€CorrectlyÐ P  Ðon€the€Retention€Test€but€not€Read€on€Pre„test.€ÌÌTest€Condition€à0 ¸ àà  àHigh€Phonologicalà0p¸ (#¸ (#àà0Èp(#p(#àLow€PhonologicalÐTÈ(#È(# ÐßA€V )°°xdØ@E°?xAßÐ @ ÐÌUngrouped€ÌÌà  àTrained€Wordsà0  àà0h(#(#à29.6à0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àà0p(#(#àà0Èp(#p(#à€€€25.5Ð"SÈ(#È(# Ðà  àTransfer€Wordsà0  àà0h(#(#à€9.8à0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àà0p(#(#àà0Èp(#p(#à€€€€7.4Ð?#È(#È(# ÐÌGrouped€ÌÌà  àTrained€Wordsà0  àà0h(#(#à45.3à0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àà0p(#(#àà0Èp(#p(#à€€€44.1€Ð/(#È(#È(# Ðà  àTransfer€Wordsà0  àà0h(#(#à36.8à0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àà0p(#(#àà0Èp(#p(#à€€€33.1€Ðk)»$È(#È(# ÐÌp€>€.05€for€all€comparisons€of€high„€and€low„Ô_ÔsegmentersÔ_Ô.€ÌÐ -o(  ÐÔ#†„;¦„! Ôþ…8#ÔÓ  Ó€„€9€„€Ð ° ÐÓŽ=ÓÌà  àOn€the€follow„up€test€one€year€later,€children€who€receivedÏthe€training€program€had€significantly€larger€gain€scores€thanÏcontrol€children€in€vocabulary€knowledge€(Peabody€PictureÏVocabulary€Test),€word€identification€(125€Frequent€Words€andÏthe€set€of€target€words),€phonemic€awareness€(Odd€Man€Out,ÏPhoneme€Tapping,€Rhyme€Generation€Task),€and€WRATÏArithmetic.€€(See€Table€5.)ÌÌÔ‡ Ôþ!„„;¦ÔÌTable€5.€€Mean€Gain€Scores€for€Trained€and€Control€Groups€on€all€TestÏMeasuresÌÌMeasure€à0 ` àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àTrained€Groupà0ÈÀ(#À(#à€€€€Control€GroupÐ`°È(#È(# ÐßA€V )°°xd×E°›xAßÐ œì ÐÌòò1óóPeabody€Vocabulary€à0 h àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#à€10.2à È àà0 (#(#àà x à€0.8€**Ðç7 (# (# Ðòò1óóWRAT€„€Spellingà0  àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#à€€€€à0À(#À(#à€€€3.2€€à È àà0 (#(#àà0x (# (#à€6.9Ð#sx(#x(# Ðòò1óóWRAT€„€Readingà0  àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#à€€à0À(#À(#à€€€7.9€€à0È(#(#àà0 È(#È(#àà x à€2.7Ð_¯ (# (# Ðòò1óóWRAT€„€Arithmeticà0  àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#à€€€9.4à0È(#(#àà  àà x à€4.9€*ЛëÈ(#È(# ÐLetter„and„Number„Naming€à0 À à€€€à0À(#À(#à€€€2.6€à È àà  à€€à0x(#(#à€2.4Ð×'x(#x(# Ðà  àTimes€(sec)ÌOdd€Man€Outà0 ¸ àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#à€€€5.2à È àà  àà0x(#(#à€1.7€**ÐO!Ÿx(#x(# ÐPhoneme€Tapping€à0  àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#à€€€3.1à È àà  àà0x(#(#à€0.1€**Ћ"Ûx(#x(# ÐRhyme€Productionà0  àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#à€€€7.9à È àà  àà0x(#(#à€4.9€*ÐÇ#x(#x(# ÐRosnerà0 ` àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#à€11.5à È àà  àà0x(#(#à10.2Ð%S x(#x(# ÐTarget€Words€Readà0  àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#à100.0à È àà0 (#(#àà0x (# (#à76.0€**Ð?&!x(#x(# Ð125€Frequent€Words€à0  àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#à€€90.9à È àà  àà x à74.3€**Ð{'Ë"(#(# ÐÌ€*€p€<€.05,€€**€p€<€.01Ô#†„;¦„! ÔþP?#ÔÔ‡ Ôþ!„„;¦ÔÐ ó)C% Ðòò1óó€Gains€are€in€standard€scores€for€the€Peabody€and€WRAT€tests.€Ð /+& ÐOtherwise€gains€are€in€raw€scores.€Ð k,»'  ÐÔ#†„;¦„! ÔþÙH#ÔÓ  Ó€„€10€„€Ð ° ÐÌÓÂIÓÓ  ÓExperiment€3¹ÓüIÓA€Longitudinal€Study€with€School„aged€Poor€ReadersÌÌÌà  àSixteen€school„aged€children€ranging€in€age€from€7€years,€8Ïmonths€to€17€years€participated€in€a€longitudinal€study.€€TheÏchildren€were€referred€for€difficulty€with€reading.€€The€readingÏand€spelling€achievement€of€the€children€was€assessed,€and€theyÏwere€given€a€number€of€phonological€processing€tests.€€ÌÌÓ  Ó€*€*€*€*€*€ÌÓšKÓÌTable€6.€€Means,€standard€deviations,€and€ranges€for€StandardÏÔ_ÔSscoresÔ_Ô€on€Woodcock€Reading€Mastery€Tests,€ListeningÏComprehension,€Peabody€Vocabulary,€and€Ravenððs€ProgressiveÏMatricesÌÌà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àMeanà0 p àà0Èp(#p(#à€SDà0 È(#È(#àà0x (# (#à€RangeÐÐ x(#x(# ÐÌWord€Identificationà0 h àà0Àh(#h(#à€73.6à0pÀ(#À(#àà0Èp(#p(#à17.5à0xÈ(#È(#à46€„€96Ð!àx(#x(# ÐWord€Attackà ¸ àà  àà h àà À à€73.8à p àà È à14.3à x à41€„€94Ð ð"@ ÐPassage€Comprehensionà À à€79.6à p àà È à16.7à x à53€„€120Ð P$  ÐWord€Comprehension€à h àà À à€82.3à0 p àà0Èp(#p(#à16.2à0xÈ(#È(#à56€„€116а%!x(#x(# ÐWRAT€Spellingà0  àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#à€80.1à p àà È à€€7.8à x à68€„€93Ð'`"À(#À(# ÐTest€of€Written€Spellingà0 h àà0Àh(#h(#à€74.6à0pÀ(#À(#àà0Èp(#p(#à€€7.8à0xÈ(#È(#à61€„€88à0@Ô!p(#p(#àÐp(À#x(#x(# ÐListening€Comprehensionà0 À à103.4à0pÀ(#À(#àà0Èp(#p(#à14.6à0xÈ(#È(#à70€„€132ÐÐ) %x(#x(# ÐPeabody€Vocabularyà0 h àà0Àh(#h(#à100.0à0pÀ(#À(#àà0Èp(#p(#à13.5à0xÈ(#È(#à81€„€122Ð0+€&x(#x(# ÐRavenððs€Matricesà0  àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#à105.1à0pÀ(#À(#àà0Èp(#p(#à18.5à0xÈ(#È(#à73€„€139Ð,à'x(#x(# ЇÓ  Ó€„€11€„€ÌÓ¥RÓÌà  àAfter€the€initial€assessment,€there€was€a€control€periodÏduring€which€the€children€received€no€treatment,€and€the€parentsÏwere€asked€not€to€enrol€the€children€in€private€tutoring€programsÏfor€reading.€€Many€of€the€children€were€receiving€extra€help€inÏschool€for€their€reading€and€spelling€difficulties.€€After€at€leastÏsix€months,€the€children€were€reassessed,€and€then€entered€anÏtutoring€program€in€which€they€received€30€hours€ofÏindividualized€tutoring€using€the€Glass€Analysis€procedure€ofÏExperiment€1.€€After€the€tutoring€program€was€completedÏ(which€required€a€period€of€at€least€six€months),€the€childrenÏwere€again€reassessed.€€ÌÌà  àTo€assess€reading€achievement,€four€subtests€of€theÏWoodcock€Reading€Mastery€Test€were€administered:€WordÏIdentification,€Word€Attack,€Word€Comprehension,€and€PassageÏComprehension.€€To€assess€spelling€achievement,€the€spellingÏsubtest€of€the€Wide€Range€Achievement€Test€and€theÏPredictable€Words€subtest€of€the€Test€of€Written€Spelling€wereÏadministered.€ÌÌà  àIf€the€tutoring€program€is€effective,€greater€gains€in€readingÏand€spelling€should€be€seen€during€the€experimental€than€duringÏthe€control€period.€€If€the€tutoring€program€is€not€effective,€oneÏwould€expect€a€linear€increase€from€the€first€to€the€thirdÏassessments.€€€€ÌÐ  Ð) % ÐÓ  Ó€„€12€„€ÌÓùWÓò òResultsó óÐ ` ÐÌà  àThe€average€time€interval€between€the€first€and€secondÏassessments€(the€control€period)€was€8.4€months€(sd€=€4.7),€andÏthe€average€interval€between€the€second€and€third€assessmentsÏ(the€experimental€period)€was€10.6€months€(sd€=€3.76).€€TheÏdifference€in€means€was€not€statistically€significant,€t€(15)€=Ï1.28,€òòpóó€>€.05.€€€€Ð °  ÐÌà  àLinear€increases€in€scores€were€significant€for€all€measures,Ïbut€the€quadratic€component€was€statistically€significant€only€forÏthe€Passage€Comprehension,€òòFóó€(1,15)€=€20.5,€òòpóó€<€.001,€the€TWSÐ 0€  ÐPredictable€Words,€òòFóó€(1,15)€=€28.1,€òòpóó€<€.001,€and€the€WRATÐ à ÐSpelling,€òòFóó€(1,13)€=€7.64,€òòpóó€<€.02.€€The€significant€quadraticÐ ð@ Ðcomponent€indicates€that€the€difference€between€control€andÏexperimental€periods€was€statistically€significant.€€Thus,€theÏtutoring€program€produced€significantly€greater€improvementsÏin€Passage€Comprehension€and€spelling€during€the€tutoring€thanÏthe€control€period.€ÌÌà  àIn€Experiment€1,€significantly€greater€increases€in€bothÏWord€Identification€and€Word€Attack€were€obtained€for€theÏexperimental€than€control€participants,€but€in€Experiment€3,€theÏincreases€for€these€measures€over€the€experimental€period€wereÏlarger€than€the€increases€over€the€control€period€but€notÏsignificantly€so.€ÌÌÌÐ  ,à' ÐÓ  Ó€„€13€„€ÌÓÁ]ÓÌTable€6.€€Mean€Raw€Scores€and€Standard€Deviations€for€theÏReading€and€Spelling€Measures€ÌÌMeasure€à0 ` àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àAssessmentÐ à(#(# ÐÌà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h à€€€€€1à0  àà0p(#(#àà0Èp(#p(#à2à0 È(#È(#àà0x (# (#àà0Ð x(#x(#à3ÐP  Ð (#Ð (# ÐÌWord€Identification€à0 h à€53.8à0h(#h(#àà0p(#(#à€€€€€58.9à0 p(#p(#àà0x (# (#à€€€€€66.1Ð` x(#x(# Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h à(18.5)à0  àà0p(#(#à€€€€€(14.7)à0 p(#p(#àà0x (# (#à€€€€€(11.2)ÐpÀ x(#x(# ÐÌWord€Attackà0 ¸ àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#à15.0à0h(#h(#àà0p(#(#à€€€€€16.9à0 p(#p(#àà0x (# (#à€€€€€23.5Ð0€ x(#x(# Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h à€€9.2à0  àà0p(#(#à€€€€€€€8.7à0 p(#p(#àà x à€€€€€€€8.5à0@"È(#È(#àÐà (# (# ÐÌWord€à0 ` àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#à38.0à0h(#h(#àà0p(#(#à€€€€€41.2à0 p(#p(#àà0x (# (#à€€€€€50.3ÐP x(#x(# ÐComprehension€à0  àà0h(#(#à(15.7)à0h(#h(#àà0p(#(#à€€€€€(16.1)à  àà x à€€€€€(16.1)аp(#p(# ÐÌPassage€à0 ` àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#à31.8à0h(#h(#àà0p(#(#à€€€€€33.9à0 p(#p(#àà0x (# (#à€€€€€40.3ÐpÀx(#x(# ÐComprehensionà0  àà0h(#(#à(11.1)à  àà p à€€€€€(10.2)à0 h(#h(#àà0x (# (#à€€€€€(8.1)€ÐÐ x(#x(# ÐÌTWS€(Predictable)à0  àà0h(#(#à13.6à0h(#h(#àà0p(#(#à€€€€€15.2à0 p(#p(#àà0x (# (#à€€€€€20.6Ð!àx(#x(# Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà0  àà0h(#(#à(6.1)à0h(#h(#àà0p(#(#à€€€€€(7.3)à0 p(#p(#àà0x (# (#à€€€€€(7.2)Ðð"@x(#x(# ÐÌWRAT€Spelling€à0  àà0h(#(#à23.2à0h(#h(#àà0p(#(#à€€€€€23.3à0 p(#p(#àà0x (# (#à€€€€€27.1а%!x(#x(# Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h à(2.3)à0  àà0p(#(#à€€€€€(3.3)à0 p(#p(#àà0x (# (#à€€€€€(3.2)Ð'`"x(#x(# ÐÌÐ  Ð) % ÐÓ  Ó€„€14€„€ÌÌÓ¬hÓÓ  Óà @ àò òConclusions€from€Experiments€1,€2,€and€3ó óÐ pÀ ÐÓÒhÓÌ1)€The€use€of€the€Glass€Analysis€word€identification€drills€toÏteach€associations€between€pronounceable€Ô_ÔsublexicalÔ_ÔÏphonological€units€such€as€rimes€and€syllables€is€effective€inÏincreasing€reading€and€spelling€achievement€in€school„agedÏchildren€with€reading€difficulties.€€Even€though€readingÏcomprehension€strategies€were€not€taught,€improvements€inÏword€identification€and€word€attack€(in€Experiment€1)€and€inÏspelling€(Experiment€3)€were€accompanied€by€increased€readingÏcomprehension.ÌÌ2)€Use€of€the€Glass€Analysis€drills€was€also€effective€inÏincreasing€word€identification€skills€in€normal€beginningÏreaders.€€Children€trained€to€read€words€from€rime€familiesÏshowed€some€transfer€of€learning€to€words€of€the€same€familiesÏwhich€had€not€been€taught.€€One€year€after€the€training€program,Ïtrained€children€showed€not€only€retention€of€what€they€hadÏlearned,€but€showed€transfer€to€words€which€did€not€belong€toÏthe€trained€families.€€The€trained€children€also€showedÏsignificantly€greater€growth€in€vocabulary€and€arithmetic€skillsÏthan€did€the€control€children.€ÌÌò òÐ  '`" ÐÓ  Ó€„€15€„€ÌÓ¥mÓÌThe€Next€Step:€A€Computerized€Program€to€Teach€WordÏIdentification€and€Spelling€to€Beginning€Readersó óÐ Ð  ÐÌà  àMuch€of€what€the€tutors€do€in€the€tutoring€program€underÏinvestigation€can€be€programmed€into€a€computer.€€Such€aÏprogram€would€enable€beginning€readers€to€receiveÏindividualized€instruction€so€that€each€child€can€proceed€at€hisÏor€her€own€pace,€receiving€the€amount€of€repetition,€practice,Ïreview€and€testing€necessary€to€produce€mastery.€€With€theÏcomputerized€program,€children€with€poor€phonologicalÏprocessing€skills,€who€would€normally€be€at€high€risk€of€readingÏacquisition€failure,€would€benefit€from€slower€pacing€and€extraÏpractice€while€not€being€singled€out€as€requiring€specialÏtreatment.€€Children€with€other€physical€or€cognitive€disabilitiesÏmight€also€benefit.€ÌÌà  àOnce€developed,€the€computer€program€can€be€delivered€onÏCD„ROM,€or€lessons€can€be€delivered€over€the€internet€at€lowÏcost€to€any€country€in€the€world.€€Availability€of€such€anÏeducational€tool€would€be€particularly€beneficial€for€small,Ïisolated,€rural€or€northern€communities€where€specialist€teachersÏare€often€unavailable.€€ÌÌÌÌÌÌà  àÐ  ,à' ÐñùñÔ‡¸ cy¸ „„;¦ÔñùññùñÔ‡¸ cy¸ „„;¦ÔñùñÒX°ÒÒX°ÒÑTRP$Ø'3 Letter LandscapeXà3Ø' LetterØ'3 Letter Landscapeÿ3Ø'TÑÌÓ  ÓThe€Effectiveness€of€ÌÓ;tÓÔ_ÔÐ  °  ÐÌññÓ  ÓññññÓ  ÓññTeaching€Letter„Sound€ÌññÓ“tÓññññÓ®tÓññÌññÓ  ÓññññÓ  ÓññCatherineññ€G.€Penney€&€ñññ ñ€G.€Ô#†„;¦„¸ ¸ cy}r#ÔÔ‡¸ cy¸ „„;¦Ôñ ñÐ 0€ ÐññÓÒtÓññÌññññÓ  ÓññññññññÓ  ÓññññMÔ#†„;¦„¸ ¸ cyƒu#ÔÔ‡¸ cy¸ „„;¦Ôemorialñ ñ€Uñ ñññññ€ññññÔ#†„;¦„¸ ¸ cy;v#Ôñ ñÔ‡¸ cy¸ „„;¦ÔniversityÔ#†„;¦„¸ ¸ cyw#Ôñ ñÔ‡¸ cy¸ „„;¦ÔÐ 0€ ÐññññÓ”uÓññññññññÓHuÓññññññÓ&uÓññÌAssociations€by€Using€Rimes€ÌÌñ ñññG.€ñññ ñññPenney€&€Ô#†„;¦„¸ ¸ cyúv#ÔÔ‡¸ cy¸ „„;¦ÔññCarrie€DyckÐ 0€ ÐÌñ ñUÔ#†„;¦„¸ ¸ cy÷w#ÔÔ‡¸ cy¸ „„;¦ÔniversityÔ#†„;¦„¸ ¸ 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